Neurology and Neurological Disorders

Neuropsychiatric disorders are the mental disorders of the central nervous system. Neuropsychiatric diseases include Depression, Mood disorders, Sleep Disorders, Schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatric patients require intensive care for their treatment.

Neurochemistry is the study of Neurochemicals ( neurotransmitters, neuropeptides) that have a direct impact on the functioning of the neuron. It also include the different chemical processes that occur in the brain.

Pediatric Neurology is the study of Neurological disorders in children. Some of the neurological disorders of children includes, Rett Syndrome, Muscular dystrophy, Congenital myopathies and pediatric sleep disorders.

Clinical Neuroscience is a branch of Neuroscience that deals with the mechanisms underlying the diseases and disorders of central nervous system. It also involves the diagnosis and treatment methods for the existing neurological implications in patients. Thus research is going on to develop novel methods for the treatment of these disorders.

Psychiatric Nurse is a nurse, who has specialized in the mental health and can take care of person of all ages which face a problem of mental illness.

Stem cell is an undifferentiated cell that is capable to give rise to a new cell.  Research has shown that these cells are capable in the treatment of Neurological Disorders such as Parkinson, Alzheimer disease, Battens disease and many other neurological disorders. They can also be used for Spinal cord injury.

Stroke is a disorder that occurs, when the flow of blood supply to the brain is blocked, or a particular blood vessel ruptures, thus leading the brain tissue to its death. Strokes are of various types such as, Ischemic Strokes, Hemorrhagic Strokes and Transient strokes.

Neuro cardiology is the study of Interaction between heart and brain. It generally deals with the effect of stress on the heart. The cardiovascular system is under the regulation of the nervous system. An appropriate balance in the hormone levels, kind of life style, environmental conditions play a very important role in maintaining a good relation between heart and brain.

Neuro- ophthalmology is the study of visual system disorders that further arises due to some neurological disorders. The visual system disorders include, eye movements control, pupillary reflexes. 

Neurogenetics is the study of role of genetics for the proper development and functioning of the nervous system. The knowledge of gene loci show a good linkage of neurological disorders including Alzheimer and Parkinson disease. The major animal that has been studied for neurogenetics include Drosophila, Zebrafish.

Neuroanatomy involves the study of anatomy and organization of the central nervous system. The nervous system composes, Neurons, Glial cells and extracellular matrix.

Neuromuscular diseases are those diseases which lead to impairment of muscles and directly affect their functioning. Various Neuromuscular diseases include movement disorders, muscle disorders, Myasthenia gravis etc. Symptoms of Neuromuscular diseases include, muscle pain, numbness, double vision, breathing problems, movement problems etc.

Neuropharmacology is the study of drugs that are specifically used for the treatment of various neurological disorders, like Huntington disease, Alzheimer, Parkinson disease, Multiple Sclerosis etc. These drugs directly help in the cure for the neurological disorders. Research is going on for the treatment of the neuropathic pain.

Brain stem is the one that connects the brain with the spinal cord. Central nervous system is comprised of both Brain and Spinal cord. Brain has 3 major parts, that include cerebrum, cerebellum and the brain stem. Brain is protected by the skull and the three layers of membranes known as meninges.

Human brain is the main organ of the of the Human Nervous System. Human brain controls the movement of the body. It also has many different functions such as, controlling the action of muscles, controlling movement of eyes, mouth and face as well. The part of brain is involved in processing of sensory information such as vision, smell, hearing and taste.

Parkinson Disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, that leads to deterioration of the motor neuron functions. This loss in function generally occurs due to loss of production of neurotransmitter known as dopamine from the brain cells. The symptoms include, shaking, slowness of the movement, walking difficulty, behavioral changes. Dementia occurs at the later stage of the disease.

Alzheimer disease is the neurological disorder which leads to neurodegeneration of nerves. The major symptom that is involved in the Alzheimer includes short-term memory loss. As the disease enters into the later stages of Alzheimer, the patient starts facing problem with language, disorientation, behavioral changes and loss of motivation.

Neurology can be defined as the study of nervous system as well as diseases related with the central nervous system including brain and spinal cord. The Central Nervous System controls the coordination activities of the body. Neurology also includes treatment and diagnosis of the diseases caused to the nervous system. Vascular neurology is the one that deals with the evaluation and treatment of diseases that directly affect the structure of the blood vessels supplying the brain and thus directly affecting the function as well.

Neuro immunobiology is the field that combines both neurology as well as immunology. It contributes in the development of new pharmacological treatments for various neurological conditions or disorders related to health. There are various neuro immunological diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Neuromyelitis optica, Transverse myelitis, out of which Multiple Sclerosis is the most common and causes inflammation of the CNS.

Neurological disorders are the type of disorders that are caused due to improper functioning of brain and spinal cord and the connecting nerves. Neurological disorders are generally the brain diseases. Some common neurological disorders include Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Stroke, epilepsy and head trauma.  Neonatal neurology deals with treatment of newly born infants with brain defects. Thus, the treatment shows to be protective for the infants.

Cognitive Neuroscience deals with the study of various biological processes and the underlying aspects of which include cognition, specifically focusing the neural networks in the brain which are involved in the various mental processes. Cognitive disorders greatly affect the learning, problem solving, perception and memory of a person. Dementia which is described as a mental ability disorder involves gradual loss in thinking ability and remembering ability.

Neuro Oncology involves the study of brain and spinal cord impairment which may include life threatening and dangerous tumors, specially of brain. Cancer spreads the nervous system by metastasis or can directly invade the nervous system. The commonly used treatments for brain tumors include radiotherapy, chemotherapy and neurosurgical interventions. Brain metastasis is of greater challenge for the researchers dealing in this field.

Neurological infections are those infections in which the nervous system gets infected. Neurological infection may include infections caused due to viruses such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. Chronic meningitis that describes the inflammation in the meninges which are the membranes of brain and the spinal cord. Chronic meningitis is the one where inflammation persists for more than 4 weeks.

Neurological surgery is a type of surgery involving operative or non-operative kind of surgery to rehabilitate the functions related to the central nervous system involving brain and spinal cord. Non-operative surgery includes prevention, diagnosis and rehabilitation. The need of neurological surgery is for the pain that may occur in brain due to some neurological disorder or some pathological process that may have resulted in different functioning of the central nervous system. Pediatric neurosurgery deals in treating the children’s nervous system problem such as head and spine deformations.

Neurophysiology is the study of the functioning of the central nervous system which further leads to proper functioning of the body. It general involves investigating the functions related with the central and the peripheral nervous system. Neurophysiology also plays an important role towards monitoring those people who have brain defective disorders such as meningitis, strokes or for those persons who are suffering from dementia.

Neuroimaging involves the various techniques involved in imaging of the brain and thus helping us to know the structure function relationship of the brain. Functional imaging is also used for the diagnosis of the various metabolic diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and can be used for the cognitive physiology and neurological physiology. CT(Computed tomography) scanning is a type of neuroimaging technique that use x-rays for imaging the brain from various angles. Techniques are emerging in the field of neuroimaging for getting the technique better every time.

Neurodevelopment therapy is a type of therapy that includes a holistic and individualized method (involving various therapies like speech therapy and physical therapy) based on rehabilitation of a person with neurological disorder. Neurodevelopment therapy is the best way to understand an individual brain injury and the movement patterns of patient thus helping in treatment of the disease that restrict movement or limit movement.

Neurotransmission is kind of signal transmission that involves neurotransmitters that are released by neuron, such as glutamate, aspartate, nitric oxide and dopamine which, further bind to a target receptor present on another neuron. The neuron is involved in the transmission of information. Neurotransmitters can either lead to excitation or inhibition of neurons. Some of the excitatory neurotransmitters are norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Whereas inhibitory neurotransmitters include gamma aminobutyric acid, dopamine and serotonin.

Neurotoxicology is the study that deals with toxicity of the central nervous system and hence affecting the brain and destructs the nerve tissue. Toxic substances, such as tetrodotoxin, conotoxin, chlorotoxin, causes neurotoxicity thus directly affecting the brain and related functions. Neurotoxicity can also occur due to drug therapies, organ transplant or exposures to heavy metal.